헬름에 대한 논문급 장홍제 교수의 설명인 아래의 링크에 대해 영어 번역문을 그대로 옳겼습니다.
유튜브 링크 :
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cep8Bv3KaeE
Hello, I'm chemist Zhang Hongze.
A little different element story, part two This is atomic number two [Helium, He].
Let's start with the basic and famous properties
And then we'll move on to some of the latest and unique discoveries
[Helium] has a fast number, two.
It wasn't until much later, in the 19th century, that it was actually discovered.
[Pierre Janssen] took advantage of a solar eclipse to show that it was possible to detect to analyze the elements of the sun using its light.
Checking the spectrum of the mysterious yellow line
Since it was a new element found in the Sun
From Helios [Ἥλιος], the sun god of Greek mythology
[The element will be named "Helium
And then the actual isolation of helium
the ruler of the 18 elements.
[Sir William Ramsay]
Even by the time [Mendeleev] created the periodic table.
not a single 18-membered element was known.
The initial periodic table is only 17 elements long
Later, Lord Ramsay published the periodic table of the elements from helium (He) to radon (Rn).
The discovery of all the gaseous elements leads to the Nobel Prize
The most characteristic feature of helium
is that it's lighter than air, so it floats.
This lightness and non-toxicity produces some interesting results.
Just like the Disney character [Donald Duck].
whose voice turns into a thin, high-pitched 'squeaky' sound.
[Donald Duck Effect]
The vibrational energy that we use to speak
The air that normally fills our airways
Emits it as a sound wave with a speed of 343 m/s
But when the airways fill with helium, which is lighter than air.
the same amount of energy produces a greater effect.
as sound waves traveling at a whopping 1007 m/s.
The result is a high-pitched voice
Conversely, if you have an element like krypton (Kr) or xenon (Xe) or sulfur hexafluoride.
If you inhale a heavy, non-toxic gas, it will lower your voice
Helium turns into a liquid at the lowest temperature of all elements
In fact, if we had the technology to create a temperature that could liquefy helium.
Why don't we just cool what we want right away!
You might think
transporting very cold temperatures to where you want them
Because the material to maintain it is essential
Helium's greatest value lies in its low temperature
Absolute zero, the lowest temperature that can exist
In other words, above -273.15 degrees Celsius.
Matter has the same phase as gas, liquid, and solid.
(excluding plasma)
Normally, helium exists only in the gaseous state.
Below the boiling point of helium, which is -268.9°C, it turns into a liquid.
The freezing point is -272.2℃, which is very close to absolute zero.
At normal pressures, helium can be made colder than this.
It doesn't turn into a hard solid
Helium atoms are too small
The vibration of the [zero-point energy] alone
Because the particles are shaking
To get solid helium, the pressure must also be increased sufficiently.
(roughly 20 to 40 atmospheres are required)
The coldest fluid, liquid helium, is used to create cryogenic temperatures
It is also used in experimental [Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)] and
Medical [Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)] or
It is essential for the operation and It is often used to discover and study the phenomenon of superconducting
Liquid helium has more mystery than utility
Liquid helium, when kept in a container
To match the height with the surroundings
Moves along the wall on its own
Walks up and over walls without any friction or resistance
When liquid helium is swirled to create a vortex
Instead of disappearing, it continues to spin
This is how it behaves without any interaction with the surrounding medium or particles.
Liquid helium is a prime example of a "superfluid
It is the appearance of unique properties
is that helium can behave like a [boson].
because it's a small particle
Helium has two protons 2 neutrons and two electrons
The spin of the [fermion], which has ±1/2, is canceled.
At low temperatures, common atoms are fermions.
they can't have superposition through the same quantum state
Helium can be condensed by [Bose-Einstein condensation].
the same quantum state.
More precisely, the Bose-Einstein condensation and the
Interatomic interactions are thought to be involved together
This characteristic is seen when helium is made into a solid
It produces another interesting phenomenon
Instead of being a tightly latticed, hardened solid.
Swirling, flowing, and moving
We think it's going to be [super-solid].
Once again, helium is lighter than air
Let's go back to the idea of rising to the sky
As we saw in the hydrogen story
Helium continues to escape the Earth's atmosphere
and escaping into space.
because Earth's gravity can't hold on to the helium.
So where does helium come from?
Is it still something we can get?
And would it be possible to continue to use it?
Helium is produced by the nuclear fission of uranium (U) or thorium (Th) buried in the Earth's crust.
During the subsequent decay of minerals in the Earth
It will be produced, though not in large quantities
But there's a limit to it
And as we get more advanced, we're using more and more helium.
In the last five years, the price of helium has increased by 250%.
The element has limited reserves.
We have identified elements that are at risk of future depletion.
The element that will be depleted most rapidly
But there was a lot of helium in the universe.
We're not talking about collecting scarce helium from the vast expanse of space.
The closest celestial object to Earth
It's a moon that humans have been to many times
There's an enormous amount of helium hiding in a usable form Recently, Chandrayaan-3
[and the Artemis project, we are beginning to explore and utilize the Moon in earnest.
Chinese rovers have been on the Moon in the past have discovered new minerals.
In Chinese characters, this mineral is called Chang'er stone (嫦娥石)
(Goddess who lives on the moon in ivory 嫦娥 or urn 姮娥)
This mineral, which has come to be known in English as "Changesite-Y [Ca8Y□Fe2+(PO4)7]
The important thing is the empty space (Vacancy) drawn as a square in the center.
This is the role of the empty space
Because minerals are substances that have a highly crystalline structure
There are ways to show the position of each atom like X, Y, M, and so on.
Among them, the existence of an empty space in the Y region
This is a characteristic of change site Y.
This space has been found to contain trapped helium.
And not the common two-neutron helium-4 of Earth.
An isotope with only one neutron in the form of helium-3
We scanned the entire lunar surface to determine the distribution of helium-3.
We found that most of it is in the shallow topsoil layers appear to be contained in sufficient quantities
Helium-3 comes from the solar wind.
On Earth, the magnetic field blocks the solar wind.
Helium-3 also fails to arrive.
But it will be deposited directly on the moon.
The future plan is to collect the minerals in the topsoil.
and then collect helium-3 and other useful gases using solar heating
The soil is then scattered back onto the lunar surface to preserve it
Even if we estimate the actual value of the moon
We're not even close to getting tourism or water. and titanium (Ti).
The Moon's tremendous metals have a higher expected value
And the acquisition of helium dwarfs all of that.
It's the biggest takeoff value
If you listen to helium-3 [Mobile Suit Gundam] might have come to mind.
In the setting of Gundam, a physicist from the [Principality of Zeon].
Dr. [Trenov Minovsky] is a physicist from the
Dr. Minovsky used the particle
[Minovsky Ionesco type thermonuclear reactor]
I know it sounds silly, but
The actual principle is not that different from reality
There are many different types of fusion reactions
But in order to get the kind of fusion that we want
we need deuterium (D) and helium-3 (He-3).
The nuclear reaction of these atoms is
can achieve higher energies than the more common hydrogen fusion
It is also extremely low in radioactivity, making it ideal as an alternative energy source.
But there's a problem: there's very little helium-3 on Earth
The most prominent nuclear fusion reaction is in the sun.
Nuclear fusion of hydrogen produces helium.
It produces light and heat, but we'll summarize it briefly.
it's actually not that simple
Along the way, we can see the value of helium-3 once again
In a very hot sun, hydrogen atoms are ionized to form
in the form of protons
Two protons collide to form nuclear fusion
Positron and Neutrino, and at the same time emitting a neutrino.
Changes to deuterium (D)
Deuterium fuses with another proton.
Deuterium emits a gamma ray
Forms helium-3
Already harmful from gamma radiation
When fused to helium-3, which is made in the same way.
it emits two protons without any radiation familiar to us
which was the first conclusion of hydrogen fusion Helium-4 is produced
This, too, is only the most basic form
As we remember, nuclear fusion has created many other elements.
very complex chain reactions are possible.
The advantages of helium-3 fusion
How it compares to other types of nuclear fusion
The most convenient nuclear fusion to perform on Earth
is the deuterium-deuterium reaction
Deuterium itself is harmless, stable, and
because it's the only thing that's available on Earth
But it produces a little less energy (3.3 to 4.0 MeV)
When using helium-3
With more energy (12.9-18.4 MeV) and
The emission of protons allows for additional utilization, but
The problem was that helium-3 was too hard to get on Earth.
The most common form of nuclear fusion
deuterium-tritium nuclear fusion.
Although high energies (17.6 MeV) can be obtained, the
neutrons are produced, which are less useful.
The problem is that tritium is harmful
And all of these issues are all solved if we can get helium-3 from the moon.
Lunar helium-3 has been available to humans for about 10,000 years.
and it's thought that we could get energy from it
It's been mined once by the space shuttle.
and meet the total energy needs of the entire United States for one year.
and still have enough left over with no pollution.
The best part about helium
The very end of the periodic table is that it is an element in the 18th family
A typical example is helium.
And below that, neon (Ne) argon (Ar) krypton (Kr) xenon (Xe) radon (Rn), all of them.
They are represented by their very low reactivity and their commonality of existing alone
They are also all gases
The last element to date, organesson (Og), is represented by the point
If it is obtained enough to exist
It is thought to be a metal.
It doesn't fit into the 18-family of [inert gases].
They literally don't react
They have in common that they don't react to make compounds.
The 18 groups are called "inert gases
But for now, we're going to use
[Noble gas].
The properties we remember from the past because there's something different about it
Elements are classified by the number of outermost electrons they possess.
They have different forms of bonding to themselves
Because it's very difficult and unstable to be alone after all
We pair up in a certain number
Small, light elements such as hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen
Substances that can exist in a gaseous state
Prefer diatomic molecules that pair up in pairs
Nonmetallic elements, such as phosphorus (P) and sulfur (S), prefer to form diatomic molecules.
form polyatomic molecules, which are molecules with multiple bonds.
Only the 18 elements, the noble gases.
Monoatomic molecules that exist alone
It's practically an atom in existence.
This was the basic reason why it was an inert gas
Whether it's a liquid or a solid or a compound
The uniqueness of being alone in any state
First of all, helium is a gas in itself
And it doesn't exist alone
[Efimov state]
In the absence of a bound state of the two particles
When three particles are in a bound state due to quantum mechanical properties
To form a bound state
Helium is an element that has no bonded states between its particles.
When a certain environment is formed
The helium triplets form a triangle.
Entering the epimorph state
With triangular rings known to be the most unstable
It's the interaction of the 18 most unwilling to combine elements
Of course, it's more common than that
they make compounds
Many 18-membered compounds are now known.
Even neon (Ne), the last pride of inert gases, has been recognized.
A compound was reported a few years ago
There is no longer an inert gas
One of the most common principles of compound formation is the "buffering effect
If you have molecules that combine in a form that has a positive and a negative charge.
They're repulsed away from each other and try to form a distance.
But if helium is added it buffers the repulsive forces between the charges making them settle into a more regular shape.
The result is that many mineralized materials that may contain helium and
It's not necessarily helium that can be in Change Site-Y.
The charge instability that forms in empty space.
Because helium buffers it
Conclusion.
Helium is not just a substance that floats balloons.
It's the coldest substance in the world
It is a superfluid and a super-solid
Helium-3 is abundant on the Moon
As in Mobile Suit Gundam, it is used as a fuel for nuclear fusion reactors.
May be most important in the future space age
And what is meant by the expression inert gas? is that there's nothing left of us
